Subsystem: Mercuric reductase

This subsystem's description is:

Mercuric reductase is a broadly distributed system ('mer'), which plays an important role in mercury detoxification and biogeochemistry.MerA during exposure to non-inhibitory Zn2+ levels indicates that merA is an excellent early warning signal for Zn2+ inhibition.

Mercuric reductase belongs to the ubiquitous family of pyridine nucleotide-disulphide oxidoreductases, which also includes glutathione reductase, trypanothione reductase, lipoamide dehydrogenase, thioredoxin reductase, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (Fox and Walsh, 1983). Members of this family, the functions of which are still unclear, are currently annotated in SEED as: "PF00070 family, FAD-dependent NAD(P)-disulphide oxidoreductase" (this Role is also included in this SS as auxiliary). Please, NOTE, that mercury reduction has been demonstrated experimentally for very few members of this family, for example:
- fig|228410.1.peg.812 in Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 19718 (PubMed:18949750)
- fig|262724.1.peg.787 in Thermus thermophilus HB27 (Wang et al., 2009)
- fig|216594.1.peg.3936 in Mycobacterium marinum M (Schué et al., 2009)

In all other organisms the presence/absence of Mercury reductase outside a mercury-resistance operon is merely a guess, and over- and under- annotations are very likely.

For more information, please check out the description and the additional notes tabs, below

DiagramFunctional RolesSubsystem SpreadsheetDescriptionAdditional Notes 

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MIRPF00070
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Mercuric reductase is a broadly distributed system ('mer'), which plays an important role in mercury detoxification and biogeochemistry.MerA during exposure to non-inhibitory Zn2+ levels indicates that merA is an excellent early warning signal for Zn2+ inhibition.

Mercuric reductase belongs to the ubiquitous family of pyridine nucleotide-disulphide oxidoreductases, which also includes glutathione reductase, trypanothione reductase, lipoamide dehydrogenase, thioredoxin reductase, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (Fox and Walsh, 1983). Members of this family, the functions of which are still unclear, are currently annotated in SEED as: "PF00070 family, FAD-dependent NAD(P)-disulphide oxidoreductase" (this Role is also included in this SS as auxiliary). Please, NOTE, that mercury reduction has been demonstrated experimentally for very few members of this family, for example:
- fig|228410.1.peg.812 in Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 19718 (PubMed:18949750)
- fig|262724.1.peg.787 in Thermus thermophilus HB27 (Wang et al., 2009)
- fig|216594.1.peg.3936 in Mycobacterium marinum M (Schué et al., 2009)

In all other organisms the presence/absence of Mercury reductase outside a mercury-resistance operon is merely a guess, and over- and under- annotations are very likely.
References:

Wang Y, Freedman Z, Lu-Irving P, Kaletsky R, Barkay T.
An initial characterization of the mercury resistance (mer) system of the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB27.
FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2009 Jan;67(1):118-29.

Radniecki TS, Semprini L, Dolan ME.
Expression of merA, amoA and hao in continuously cultured Nitrosomonas europaea cells exposed to zinc chloride additions.
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2009 Feb 1;102(2):546-53.

Schué M, Dover LG, Besra GS, Parkhill J, Brown NL.
Sequence and analysis of a plasmid-encoded mercury resistance operon from Mycobacterium marinum identifies MerH, a new mercuric ion transporter.
J Bacteriol. 2009 Jan;191(1):439-44. Epub 2008 Oct 17.

Fox B.S., Walsh C.T. 1983. Mercuric reductase: homology to glutathione reductase and lipoamide dehydrogenase. Iodoacetamide alkylation and sequence of the active site peptide. Biochemistry 22:4082-4088. PubMed: 6412751